(病原菌,动物粪便等处理)MicrobePathogenSurvivalReductionintheEnvironment,ExcretaandExcreta.pptVIP

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(病原菌,动物粪便等处理)MicrobePathogenSurvivalReductionintheEnvironment,ExcretaandExcreta.ppt

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ENVR 890/296Microbe/Pathogen Survival/Reduction in the Environment, Excreta and Excreta Treatment Processes Mark D. Sobsey Dept. of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Microbial Survival/Inactivation – A Kinetic Phenomenon Microbe inactivation is best described by the rate(s) or kinetic of inactivation Survival depends on reduction rate and time (duration of exposure) Expressing survival in absolute terms based on time only such as days or weeks is misleading Depends on initial and final microbe concentrations Express extent of inactivation per unit of time at specified conditions of exposure Microorganism survival periods in faeces, sludge and soil Some Physical Factors Influencing Microbe Survival in the Environment TEMPERATURE Greater Inactivation/death rates at higher temperatures Lower survival rates at higher temperatures But, some microbes will grow or grow better at higher temperatures Many microbes survive better at lower temperature Some bacteria experience “cold injury” or“cold shock” and cold inactivation Thermal inactivation differs between dry heat and moist heat Dry heat is much less efficient than moist heat in inactivating microbes Some microbes survive very long times when frozen Other microbes are destroyed by freezing Ice crystals impale them Increased environmental temperatures can promotes pathogen spread by insect vectors (mosquitoes, flies, etc.) pH Relative acidity or alkalinity A measure of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration Scale: 1 (most acidic) to 14 (most alkaline or basic) pH 7 is neutral Moving toward pH 1 the substance is more acidic Moving toward pH 14, the substance is more alkaline. Extreme pH inactivates microbes Chemically alters macromolecules Disrupts enzyme and transport functions Some enteric pathogens survive pH 3.0 (tolerate stomach acidity) Some pathogens survive pH 11 and fewer survive pH 12 Moisture Content – Drying and Dessiccation Drying or low moisture inactivates/kills some microbes Survival depends on moisture