chapter2arthrology（关节学）.pptVIP

Human Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY (关节学) A. Introduction B. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk (躯干骨连结) C. The Joints of the Upper Limb (上肢骨连结) D. The Joints of the Lower Limb (下肢骨连结) Section 1 Introduction A. Classifications of Arthrology (关节学分类) B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint (滑膜关节的主要结构) C. The Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint (滑膜关节的辅助结构) D. The Movements of Joints (关节运动) E. The Classifications of Synovial Joints (滑膜关节的分类) A. Classifications 1. Synarthrosis (不动关节) 1) Fibrous joints (纤维连结) 2) Cartilaginous joints (软骨连结) 3) Synostosis (骨性结合) 2. Diarthrosis (动关节) ? B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint 1. Articular surface (关节面): articular cartilage (关节软骨) 2. Joint capsule (关节囊): fibrous membrane (纤维层) synovial membrane (滑膜层) 3. Joint cavity (关节腔): synovia (滑液), negative to the atmosphere pressure (负压) C. The Accessory Structures of the Synovial Joints Ligament (韧带) Articular disc (关节盘) 3. Articular lip (关节唇) 4. Synovial plica (滑膜襞) 5. Synovial bursa (滑囊) ? D. The Movement of Joint 1. Gliding or slipping movement (滑动) 2. Flexion (屈）and extension (伸) 3. Adduction (收) and abduction (展) 4. Pronation (旋前) and supination(旋后) 5. Rotation (旋转) 6. Circumduction (环转) E.Types of Synovial Joints 2. Biaxial joints 1) Elliptic (condyloid) joints (椭圆 [髁状] 关节) 2) Saddle joints (鞍状关节) 3. Polyaxial joints 1) Ball and socket (spheroidal) joints (球窝关节) 2) Plane (gliding) joints (平面[滑动] 关节) Section 2 The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk A. The Vertebral Column (脊柱) B. The Thoracic Cage(胸廓) A. The Vertebral Column 1. ? The Joints of the Vertebral Bodies 1) intervertebral discs (椎间盘) a. anulus fibrosus (纤维环) b. nucleus pulposus (髓核) [prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出] 2. The Joints of the Vertebral Arches 1) zygapophysial joints (关节突关节) 2) ? ligamenta flava (y