免疫学_第11章_抗原提呈细胞与抗原的处理及提呈.pptVIP

复习题 什么是专职APC？包括哪些细胞？它们有何不同？ 简述MHC I类分子抗原提呈过程。 简述MHC II类分子抗原提呈过程。 * Fibroblast:成纤维细胞 Glial cell:神经胶质细胞 Pancreatic beta cell：胰腺beta细胞 CD1 structure and evolution. (A) Schematic views of the three separate families of antigen-presenting molecules and their mechanisms of antigen binding. MHC class I and CD1 molecules have three extracellular domains of similar size (α1, α2, and α3), and both bind β2-microglobulin. MHC class II has a similar overall domain arrangement but is a heterodimer of two transmembrane polypeptide chains (α and β). Both MHC class I and II have relatively shallow peptide-binding grooves at their membrane distal ends. For MHC class I, both ends of the bound peptides are usually contained within the groove, limiting the peptide length to 8–10 aa. In contrast, MHC class II can bind much longer peptides that protrude from the open ends of its groove. The CD1 groove is larger, deeper, and much more hydrophobic. It binds the hydrophobic alkyl tails of lipids, anchoring the ligand so that its more hydrophilic portions are exposed at the groove entrance. In all three cases, ligand binding to these molecules generates stable complexes that are recognized by the antigen receptors on specific T lymphocytes. (B) Simplified phylogenetic tree illustrating evolution of MHC and CD1. A “primordial MHC” locus that lacks MHC class I and II and CD1 genes has been described in the protochordate amphioxus, and a similar locus is proposed to exist in primitive jawless fish (i.e., lamprey, hagfish). The MHC-encoded peptide antigen-presenting systems most likely emerged with the acquisition of adaptive immunity, thought to have occurred ≈500 million years ago with the introduction of the recombinase activating genes into the vertebrate genome, leading to the ability to create large numbers of T and B cell antigen receptors through somatic recombination. The presence of both MHC class I and II genes in the cartilaginous fish (sharks) and their apparent absence in the jawl