cambridge igcse chemistry, fourth edition richard-（剑桥igcse化学第四版理查德）.pdfVIP

Richard Harwood and Ian Lodge Cambridge IGCSE® Chemistry Workbook Fourth edition 5 Acids, bases and salts Defi nitions to learn ◆ acid a substance that dissolves in water to give a solution with a pH below 7 ◆ base a substance which will neutralise an acid to give a salt and water only ◆ alkali a base that dissolves in water ◆ pH scale a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (scale from 0 to 14) ◆ indicator a substance that changes colour depending on whether it is in an acid or alkali ◆ salt an ionic substance produced from an acid by neutralisation with a base ◆ neutralisation reaction a reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt and water only Useful reactions and their equations e l Neutralisation Other characteristic acid reacations Precipitation HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H p O(l) FeSO (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Fe(OH) (s) + Na SO (aq) 2 4 2 2 4 H SO (aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K SO (aq) + 2H O(l) AlCl (aq) + 3NaOH(aq) → Al(OH) (s) + 3NaCl(aq) 2 4 2 4 2 3 3 HNO (aq) + NH (aq) → NH NO (aq) AgNO (aq) + KI(aq) → AgI(s) + KNO (aq) 3 3 4 3 3 3 CuO(s) + H SO (aq) → CuSO (aq) + H O(l)