液压与气压传动ppt课件（英文版）.ppt

Hydraulics and Pneumatics Transmission;1 Fluid Properties 2 Mechanics of fluids at rest 3 Mechanics of fluids in motion 4 Energy loss of fluids in motion 5 Flow of fluids in clearances and orifices 6 Hydraulically sticking 7 Hydraulically shocking 8 Cavitation;1.1?Density Fluid density was defined as mass per unit volume ; In hydraulic transmission problems, p≤32Mpa, the volume variation caused by pressure variation is;1.3.1 cohesion force and adhesion force; The lower surface is assumed to be stationary, while upper one is moved parallel to it with a velocity U by the application of a force F, corresponding to some area A of the moving plates;Experiment has shown that for a large class of fluids; Above equation is called Newtow’s equation of viscosity and in transposed form it serves to define the proportional constant;1.3.3 Kinematic viscosity;1.3.3 Relative viscosity;2 Mechanics of fluids at rest;2.2 Basic differential equation;A; Division by the element’s volume dxdydz yields;2.3 Examples included in fluid statics.; (4);E2: Trolley in a linear acceleration;E3: Rotating container;2.4 Absolute pressure, gage pressure and vacuum;2.5 Forces on plane Areas and on curved surface;3 fluid kinematics and dynamics;b. Eulerian description;3.2 Key concepts; e. Streamline:; f. Stream tube:; h. Flow rate and mean velocity;3.3 Equation of continuity;The equation can be simplified, thus;3.4 Differential equation of steady flow for ideal fluid;Apply Newton’s second law , we have;3 Mechanics of fluids in motion;The physical significance of the equation:;冷水;b. The Bernoulli equation on following assumptions:;c. The Bernoulli equation on following assumptions:; Note that in the cross section of gradually varied flow;d. Example Venturi meter A Venturi meter consists of one tube with a constricted throat which produces an increased velocity accompanied by a reduction in pressure. The meter is used for