生物工程下游技术第五章课件.ppt

Separation and purification of products;In this chapter, We consider the methods for cell rupture most likely to be useful at larger scales. These methods are conveniently split into two groups, described as “chemical” and “mechanical” . In the chemical methods, the cell membrane is ruptured by osmotic pressure, dissolved by detergents, or enfeebled by organic solvents. These chemical cases are often gentle so that the products are not irreversibly denatured even while the cells are ruptured. Scale-up is easy: If we want to treat 10 times the biomass, we need to use 10 times as much chemical.;The mechanical methods are dominated by homogenization or ball mill grinding. In both cases, cells are broken by high mechanical shear. Heat generation is a problem. ;TABLE 1. Chemical Cell Disintegration Techniques;方法;Method;方法; CHEMICAL METHODS ;The chemical methods of cell rupture are dominated by osmotic shock, detergent solubilization, and lipid dissolution. These three methods are described in the following paragraphs. Before this description, we want to give some brief generalizations about the other two methods: enzyme digestion and alkali treatment. ;Both enzyme digestion and alkali treatment are effective methods of cell rupture, but each has a major disadvantage.;The disadvantage of enzyme digestion is the cost of the enzymes which Frequently makes this method prohibitive at a large scale. This is unfortunate, because the method is both gentle and selective. It is nothing more than adding to a cell suspension enzymes which react quickly with the cell walls and destroy them. Because the enzymes selectively catalyze these cell wall reactions, they react only sparingly with other solutes within the cell.;Alkali treatment is the antithesis of enzyme digestion, for it is harsh rather than gentle, nonselective rather than specific, and cheap rather than expensive. Alkali added to a cell suspension reacts with the cell walls in a number of ways, including the saponific