英汉语句法特征对比教材课程.pptVIP

英汉语言句法特征比较 Subject-prominent languages Topic-prominent languages By 黄筱婕 The notion of Chinese topic language was first put forward by Zhao Yuanren in 1968 in his A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. American language typologists Charles Li and Sandra Thompson (1976) in their Subject and Topic proposed that all languages can be categorized into four types: subject-prominent, topic-prominent, topic-subject prominent, and topic-subject nonprominent. According to their studies, English is subject-prominent language (abbreviated into SP) while Chinese is comment-prominent language (abbreviated into CP). 主语和主题 英语是偏重形合的语言,句子以主谓结构为纲，在这种句子结构中 ,主语不可或缺 ,主语对全句具有 “全面密切的关系” ,且要求谓语在人称和数上与之保持一致关系。这种一致关系决定了主语不管起不起语义作用 ,总得有一个 ,哪怕是it , there等做 “假位” 主语。所以说英语的主语偏重于 “形” ,是主语突出的语言 。 汉语是偏重意合的语言,主语和谓语呈一种松散的结构关系 ,主语不决定谓语的形态 ,因此可以以主题（或话题）的形式出现。所谓主题（或话题） ,指一句话里作为新情况的述说对象的事物或事件 ,其特点是占据一句话的开头部位 ,但并不等同语法系统中的主语。 例，昨天晚上他进过这间屋子。 主语与主题（或话题）的差别可以概括如下: 形合的英语是主语显著的语言( subject - prominent) ,主题往往就是句子的主语;而意合的汉语是主题显著的语言(topic - prominent) ,其主题往往并非就是句子的主语。 2. Why English and Chinese should be categorized like this? 2.1 English It has a distinct SV structure. In 1960s，Chomsky made some phrase-structure rules for English sentences, the first one is as follows： S=NP+VP 即主语和谓语是英语典型句子必不可少的组成部分。 R.Quirk concluded that there are seven basic sentence patterns in English and all these sentence patterns share SV structure in his Contemporary English Grammar: SV: The child was crying. SVO: Somebody caught the ball. SVC: Cindy is a girl. SVA: Mary lives in the house. SVOC: We have proved him wrong. SVOA: I put the pen on the table. SVOD: She gave me beautiful flowers. 英语句子是以V为中心，前边有施动者，后边有受动者。句子结构是主-谓语，着重施事和行为之间的关系。SVO是对整个事件的完整描述，表示一个完整的意义。 特点 英语注重主语，不管句子多么复杂，主语都容易定位，句子一般都有主语并且以动词为核心。 英语句子框架稳定，主谓语之前有许多相互制约的语法关系。 2.2 Chinese It may not have a subject but must have a topic. In Chinese, topic can be a word, a phrase, a clause or several clauses. And it could also consist of nouns, verbs, or adverbials o