土木工程岩土 外文翻译（Soil Mechanics）.doc

河北大学2012届本科生毕业论文（设计） PAGE PAGE 7 1 Basic mechanics of soils Loads from foundations and walls apply stresses in the ground. Settlements are caused by strains in the ground. To analyze the conditions within a material under loading, we must consider the stress-strain behavior. The relationship between a HYPERLINK javascript:gloss(s.htm \l STRAIN) strain and HYPERLINK javascript:gloss(s.htm \l STRESS) stress is termed stiffness. The maximum value of stress that may be sustained is termed strength. 1.1 Analysis of stress and strain 1） HYPERLINK http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/basic/soilbasi.htm \l MECHSTATES#MECHSTATES Special stress and strain states 2） HYPERLINK http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/basic/soilbasi.htm \l MECHMOHR#MECHMOHR Mohr circle construction 3） HYPERLINK http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/basic/soilbasi.htm \l MECHPARA#MECHPARA Parameters for stress and strain Stresses and strains occur in all directions and to do settlement and stability analyses it is often necessary to relate the stresses in a particular direction to those in other directions. normal stress ? = Fn / A shear stress ? = Fs / A normal strain ? = ?z / zo shear strain ? = ?h / zo Note that compressive stresses and strains are positive, counter-clockwise shear stress and strain are positive, and that these are total stresses (see HYPERLINK http://fbe.uwe.ac.uk/public/geocal/SoilMech/stresses/stresses.htm \l PRESSURE effective stress). 1.1.1 Special stress and strain states In general, the stresses and strains in the three dimensions will all be different. There are three special cases which are important in ground engineering: General case princpal stresses Axially symmetric or triaxial states Stresses and strains in two dorections are equal. ?x = ?y and ?x = ?y Relevant to conditions near relatively small foundations, piles, anchors and other concentrated loads. Plane strain: Strain in one direction = 0 ?y = 0 Relevant to condi