语言学主要知识点(很值得一看).docVIP

Phonology： Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language； it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Phoneme： The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme； it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact， a phoneme is not a sound； it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. Allophone： The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. International phonetic alphabet： It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.　 Intonation： When pitch， stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation， they are collectively known as intonation. Phonetics： Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language； it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world s languages Auditory phonetics： It studies the speech sounds from the hearers point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics： It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. Phone： Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phonemic contrast：Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning， they are in phonemic contrast. Tone： Tones are pitch variations， which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Minimal pair： When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings， the two words are said to form a minimal pair. Morphology： Morphology