第一步：口译笔8种形式与6大要点整理.pptVIP

8 types of symbols and abbreviations II 3 rules Interpreters use abbreviations and symbols in note-taking, and use whatever language that comes to mind as the easiest or most appropriate. Symbols sometimes do more harm than help. The use of shorthand should be discouraged from consecutive interpretation notes. 8 types of symbols and abbreviations Symbols from the alphabet Punctuation marks Mathematical symbols Arrows and reference lines Abbreviations Negation and affirmation Emphasis Interrelations of ideas 1. Symbols from the alphabet “y” for “year” “m” for “month” “U.S” for America “G” for “Government” “nk” for “North Korea” “eu” for “European” 2. Punctuation marks “：” indicates the relation between the speaker and his opinion “?” indicates a sentence or an idea in the interrogative “!” indicates something important or something that should be paid attention to “…” indicates the speaker intends to omit some points. 3. Mathematical symbols “+” means increase, furthermore, or something positive “-” : decrease or something negative “＜” : something is smaller than, fewer than, worse than or inferior to “＞” : something is bigger than, more than, better than and superior to “△” refers to VIP, leader or some important event “∵”: because, owing to, as a result, thanks to “∴” means as a result, therefore, and consequently “=” means equal, the same as 4. Arrows and reference lines “→” refers to sending to, submitting to, exporting to , leading to, transmitting to, talking to “←” refers to coming back, receiving from, importing from “↑” refers to increase, to develop, to upgrade or to be promoted “↓” refers to decrease, to diminish, to deteriorate or to be ousted from the post 5. Abbreviations It is always advisable to apply widely used abbreviations such as “prof.” For ‘professor’, ‘dept’ for ‘department’, ‘std’ for ‘standard’, ‘ref’ for ‘reference’. The abbreviations of national or international institutions and organizations are also handy in note-taking, for e