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Two Types of Processes All processes have: Natural (random) variability= due to common causes The Two Causes of Variation Common Causes: Causes that are implemented in the process due to the design of the process, and affect all outcomes of the process Identifying these types of causes requires methods such as Design of Experiment (DOE), etc. Special Causes: Causes that are not present in the process all the time and do not affect all outcomes, but arise because of specific circumstances Special causes can be identified using Statistical Process Control (SPC) Tolerances A tolerance is a allowed maximum variation of a dimension. Measurement Report * Process Capability (Cp / Cpk / Pp / Ppk)Global Training Material Creator : Global Mechanics Process Manager Function : Mechanics Approver : Gary Bradley / Global Process Team Document ID : DMT00018-EN Version / Status : V.1.0 / Approved Location : Notes : \\…\ NMP \ DOCMANR4 \ PCP \ PC Process Library DocMan Change History : Issue Date Handled By Comments 1.0 21st Dec’01 Jim Christy S?ren Lundsfryd Approved for Global Use NOTE – All comments and improvements should be addressed to the creator of this document. Contents Section Heading / Description Page 1 Variation, Tolerances and Dimensional Control 4 2 Population, Sample and Normal Distribution 15 3 Cp and Cpk Concept 28 4 Use of the NMP Data Collection Spreadsheet 44 5 Confidence of Cpk 52 Process Capability - Evaluating Manufacturing Variation Acknowledgements Benny Matthiassen (NMP CMT, Copenhagen, Denmark) Frank Adler (NMP Alliance, Dallas, USA) Joni Laakso (NMP RD, Salo, Finland) Jim Christy (NMP SRC, Southwood, UK) Section 1 Variation, Tolerances and Dimensional Control Two Types of Product Characteristics Variable: A characteristic measured in physical units, e.g. millimetres, volts, amps, decibel and seconds. ON OFF Attribute: A characteristic that by comparison to some standard is judged