毕业实习总结_10.docVIP

毕业实习总结 　　UNIT THREE 　　Operations Research 　　运筹学 　　Brief history 　　Operations research is relatively young discipline, being organized as a separate professional field of study only since the end of World War II. The Operational Research Society of the Untied Kingdom (ORS), Operations Research Society of America (ORSA), and the Institute of Management Sciences (TIMS) were found in 1948, 1952 and 1953, respectively. However, the methods and practices of operations research were being applied just prior to the war by British scientists working for the Air Ministry. In fact, two of these scientists are credited with first coining the phrase “operational research”. 　　简单的历史回顾 　　运筹学是一门相对比较新的学科。它是从二战以后才开始作为专业学科而被研究的。 英国运筹学会，美国运筹学会和管理学会分别成立于1948,1952 和1953。然而，早在二战之前，英国的科学家就将运筹学的理论和实践应用于空军。事实上,正是这些科学家中的两位首次提出了“运筹学”这一名词。 　　The earliest application of operations research involved improving the early warning system of the RAF’s Fighter Command. This system was quickly put to the test during the Battle of Britain. Throughout the remainder of the war, the methods of operations research were used by all branches of the British military to improve the results of their operations. As might be expected, the armed forces of the United States began to apply similar techniques soon after Pearl Harbor. 　　运筹学最早应用是在提高英国皇家空军司令部的预警系统上。这个系统在英国的战争中很快被测试。在整个余下的战争中，运筹学的方法被英国的分支部队用于提高他们的控制结果。正如期望的那样，在珍珠港事件后，美国军方也开始应用类似的技术。 　　After WWII, the use of operations research continued in the military and was greatly expanded. In addition, businesses on both sides of the Atlantic began to apply operations research to a broad range of management problems, such as accident prevention, production planning, inventory control, and personnel planning. 　　二战后，运筹学继续运用在军事方面，并且有极大的拓展，另外，大西洋两岸的商业活动开始将运筹学应用到管理问题的广阔的领域，例如，事故预防，生产计划编制，存货控制和人事计划编制。 　　The first formal university courses and curricula also began to be developed during the immediate postwar period. MIT, Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve