离心泵特性曲线-turbcfd2.pdf

7. TURBULENCE MODELLING IN CFD SPRING 2005 7.1 Turbulence models for general-purpose CFD 7.2 Linear eddy-viscosity models 7.3 Non-linear eddy-viscosity models 7.4 Differential stress models 7.5 Implementation of turbulence models in CFD 7.1 Turbulence Models For General-Purpose CFD Turbulence models for general-purpose CFD must be f rame-invariant – i.e. independent of any particular coordinate system – and hence must be expressed in tensor form. This rules out simpler models of boundary-layer type (e.g. mixing-length models). Turbulent flows are computed either by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with suitable models for turbulent fluxes or by computing the fluctuating quantities directly. The main approaches are summarised below. Rey nolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Models • Linear eddy-viscosity models (EVM) – assume that (deviatoric) turbulent stress is proportional to mean strain; – an eddy viscosity is based on turbulent scales (usually k + one other), determined by solving transport equations. • Non-linear eddy-viscosity models (NLEVM) – assume that the turbulent stress is a non-linear function of mean strain and vorticity; – coefficients depend on turbulence scales (usually k + one other), determined by solving transport equations; – mimic response of turbulence to certain important types of strain. • Differential stress models (DSM) – aka Reynolds-stress transport models (RSTM) or second-order closure (SOC); – solve transport equations for all turbulent stresses. Comp utation of f luctuating quantities • Large-eddy simulation (LES) – compute time-varying flow, but model sub-grid-scale motions. • Direct numerical simulation (DNS) – no modelling; resolve the smallest scales of the flow. CFD