离心泵特性曲线-goveqns.pdf

2. THE FLUID-FLOW EQUATIONS SPRING 2005 2.1 General control-volume form of the governing equations 2.2 Fluid-flow equations 2.2.1 Mass (continuity) 2.2.2 Momentum 2.2.3 General scalar 2.2.4 Momentum components as transported scalars 2.2.5 Non-gradient diffusion 2.2.6 Moving control volumes 2.3 Other differential equations for fluid flow 2.3.1 Material derivatives and non-conservative form of the flow equations 2.3.2 Equations for derived variables 2.4 Compressible and incompressible flow 2.5 Non-dimensionalisation 2.6 Summary Fluid dynamics is governed by conservation of: • mass; • momentum; • energy; • any additional constituents. These basic physical principles can be expressed mathematically in many different ways. Because they form the basis of the finite-volume method for CFD we will focus on control- volume (i.e. integral) forms of the governing equations, but show also how these are related to equivalent differential equations which are easier to write down and manipulate. 2.1 General Control-Volume Form of the Governing Equations The rate of change of some quantity within an arbitrary control volume is V determined by the net rate of transport across its bounding surface (“f lux”) and the rate of production within that control volume (“source”): RATE OF CHANGE FLUX SOURCE + = (1) inside V out of boundary inside V Flux (= rate of transport across a surface) can be divided into: • advection (others prefer convection): movement with the flow; • diff usion: net transfer across a surface due to molecular or turbulent fluctuations. RATE OF CHANGE ADVECTION + DIFFUSION SOURCE +