肥胖症--幻灯片.pptVIP

* * Ghrelin是一种具有生长激素释放活性的脑肠肽，引起胃酸的增多和胃动力的增强促进了摄食的增加和食欲的增强， 增加摄食量，引起肥胖和增重，受体重下降的正向调控，因此能将体重维持在一个稳定状态。 * Anorexigenic 使食欲减退的 orexigenic　促进食欲的 sedentary1. 坐着的,需要(或惯于)久坐的 * Super-sized everything. temptations美食店 ...burger king 汉堡王，汉堡王公司（burger king popcorn.|我看电影不能没有爆米花 ...fries n.炸薯条 病从口出 * 长期能量正平衡导致肥胖症 长期摄入过多多余能量会导致肥胖。 多余热量可以被存储为脂肪或通过防止内源性脂肪的动员和氧化而导致体内脂肪堆积。 通常, 摄入多于（或少于）3500热量会导致增加（或减少）大约1 磅的脂肪。基因因素可能通过过多进食而影响体重。一项研究中发现, 长期给与1000kcal/天的12组同卵双胞胎中体重增加量差别很大。但是, 各双胞胎之间的体重增加量差别不大。另一项研究中显示过多进食八周后的各研究对象间体重增加量也不同, 但是体重增加量却与非自主性能量消耗呈负相关, 例如烦躁，坐立不安, 这可能是由基因控制的 [2]. Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, et al. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1477-1482. Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD. Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science 1999;282:212-214. 脂肪细胞既是能量储存的中心，又具有强大的内分泌功能 把自身体积状态和全身代谢状态的信息，通过旁分泌、自分泌和远距分泌的形式释放多种不同生物学活性的脂肪细胞因子，传递给大脑和胰岛素敏感的组织和器官，影响着机体许多生理功能, 并且与多种疾病有密切关系。 The evolving view of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ Previously, adipocytes were considered to be little more than inert storage depots, storing fat as triglyceride in the fed state, and releasing fuel as fatty acids and glycerol in times of fasting. It is now clear that adipocytes are highly active endocrine glands that secrete important hormones, cytokines, vasoactive substances, and other peptides. These exert marked influences on metabolic function and cardiovascular risk in a number of organ systems throughout the body. The following slides describe some of the principal adipocyte-derived agents, and summarise their metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Lyon CJ, Law RE, Hsueh WA. Minireview: adiposity, inflammation, and atherogenesis. Endocrinology 2003;144:2195-200. Properties of key adipokines Here we examine key adipocyte-derived bioactive substances (‘adipokines’) in more detail. Adiponectin exerts a number of protective actions in the vasculature, including inhibition of foam cell f