管理经济学课件chapter06.pptVIP

在某个价格范围上，需求依据弹性系数的绝对值大于、等于1或小于1而被分别称为: 富有弹性(Elastic) 单一弹性(Unitary elastic) 缺乏弹性(Inelastic) 需求的价格弹性及其度量 需求的价格弹性及其度量 需求的价格弹性及其度量 其它因素 必需品还是奢侈品 市场定义 早餐谷类的需求价格弹性 案例：这是一个具有弹性的市场吗？ 从绝对价格水平来看，我国航空公司相同飞行里程机票价格水平要比国外航空公司高得多。由于受国外航空公司的强有力竞争，即使乘坐同一国内航空公司飞机，国内外航线单位里程机票的价格也差异甚大。 乘坐中国国际航空公司，洛杉矶至北京往返机票是490美元，而乘坐同一公司北京至乌鲁木齐往返机票则达3800元人民币（可折合460美元）。但前者飞行时间总计25个小时，后者只有不足7个小时。 Point Elasticity When Demand is Linear Compute elasticity using either of the two formulas below which give the same value for E Point Elasticity When Demand is Curvilinear Compute elasticity using either of two equivalent formulas below 利用市场试验法计算DVD的需求价格弹性 Elasticity (Generally) Varies Along a Demand Curve For linear demand, price and ?E?vary directly The higher the price, the more elastic is demand The lower the price, the less elastic is demand For curvilinear demand, no general rule about the relation between price and quantity Constant Elasticity of Demand (Figure 6.3) Income Elasticity Income elasticity (EM) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in income, holding the price of the good all other demand determinants constant Positive for a normal good Negative for an inferior good 案例：中国烟草行业面临的需求 到2005年，烟草消费者的总数预计会达到约16亿，其部分原因是成年人口的增加，部分原因是消费水平的上升。从上表中，不难看出，中低收入国家烟草消费数量占世界烟草消费数量的比例很大。由于受到戒烟运动影响，虽然世界吸烟人口总数增加，但高收入国家本土消费人口却在减少，烟草消费量不断下降。应用统计分析，中低收入国家烟草需求收入弹性高于高收入国家。行业分析家估计中国烟草消费市场仍将不断扩大。 Price Elasticity, Cross-Price Elasticity, and Income Elasticity in the Market for Alcoholic Beverages Cross-Price Elasticity Cross-price elasticity (EXY) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of good X to changes in the price of related good Y, holding the price of good X all other demand determinants for good X constant Positive when the two goods are substitutes Negative when the two goods are complements Interval Elasticity Measures To calculate interval measures of income cross-price elasticities, the following formulas can be employed Point Elasticity Mea