-精选版英语写作手册.ppt

English Writing;;Contents;1. Levels of words;Officialese 公文— ‘The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment商业机构.’ Official 官方— ‘The consumption of nutriments is prohibited.’ Formal — ‘You are required not to consume food in this establishment.’ Neutral — ‘Eating is not allowed here.’ Informal — ‘Please don’t eat here.’ Colloquial — ‘You can’t feed your face here.’ Slang — ‘Lay off the nosh 小吃.’ Taboo — ‘Lay off the fucking nosh.’;2. The meaning of words;;denotative and connotative;;different in stylistic level;different in emphasis;different in tone;3. General and Specific Words ;;a good man: kind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorable good food: tasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant house: mansion, villa, chateau, cottage, bungalow带走廊的平房, cabin, hut, shack小室, shanty棚屋, shed货棚, barn laugh: smile, grin, beam微笑示意, giggle咯咯地笑, titter嗤笑, snigger窃笑, chuckle吃吃地笑, guffaw狂笑, chortle得意的高笑 ;;;General It is often windy and dusty here in spring. Specific In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust with it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.;;4. Idioms;;;;5. Figures of speech;;2) Metaphor It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like. If Robert Burns had written “O my love’s a red rose” with the word “like” omitted he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile. In the changed line, “my love” is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison; hence rose is a metaphor. Similarly, in sentences like “He is the soul of the team. ” and “Irr