CH8-QUALITY培训教材.ppt

Trend Analysis Technical performance – How many errors or defects have been identified; how many remain uncorrected Cost and schedule performance – How many activities per period were completed with significant variances Quality Control Using mathematical techniques to forecast future outcomes based on historical results Statistical Quality Control Prevention – Keeping errors out of the process Inspection – Keeping the errors out of the hands of the customer Special causes – Unusual events Random causes – Normal process variation Quality Control Statistical Quality Control Attribute sampling – The result conforms or it does not Variables sampling – The result is rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity Tolerances – The result is acceptable if it falls with the range specified by the tolerance Control limits – The process is in control if the result falls within the control limits Quality Control Standard deviation – Square root of the variance Using Standard Deviation Mean (?) – Average Variance – Sum of squared differences between mean and each value, (x- ?)2, divided by number of samples less one or (9-1=8) Quality Control Upper control limit (UCL) – Three standard deviations Statistics Quality Control 0 -1 -2 -3 +1 +2 +3 2 standard deviations (+/- 1) = 68.26 % 4 standard deviations (+/- 2) = 95.46 % 6 standard deviations (+/- 3) = 99.73 % Example of Standard Deviation Item Weight (x) (x-?)2 1 4.9 0.02778 2 5.0 0.00444 3 5.1 0.00111 4 5.2 0.01778 5 5.3 0.05444 6 5.5 0.18778 7 4.7 0.13444 8 4.8 0.07111 9 5.1 0.00111 Total 45.6 0.50000 Quality Control Example of Standard Deviation Mean (?) = 45.6 / 9 = 5.066; (rounded to 5.07) Variance – Sum of squared differences between mean and each value, (x- ?)2, divided by number of samples less one or (9-1=8); thus 0.5 / 8 = 0.0625 Quality Control Standard deviation – Square root of the variance; thus 0.0625 = 0.25 Upper control limit (UCL) = Three