跨文化交际Chapter-4.ppt

Americans schedule is in advance, establish timetables, and set dead-lines for themselves. People of German and Switzerland are even more time conscious than are people from US. Chinese culture is shifting from P-time to M-time to some extent. Paralanguage Paralanguage lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. It refers to the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. Paralanguage can carry up to 38 percent of the messages. Can you think of some examples of paralanguage? paralanguage Vocal qualifiers Vocalization silence Vocal qualifiers Vocal qualifier refers to volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, tone of the spoken word and stresses. tone: Tone of voice refers to the raising or falling inflection that tells you whether a group of words is a question or a statement, whether the speaker is uncertain or confident, whether a statement is sincere or sarcastic. People believe more in tones than the actual words. 2. Pitch Pitch measures whether voice uses sounds that are low or high. In American English, a speaker raises the pitch at the end of a question, signifying a nonverbal question mark. If a speaker asks a question without the pitch going up, he may not expect or want an answer. Ending sentences with a high pitch in American English may indicate self-doubt and uncertainty. But French may not. 3. Stress Stress is the emphasis given to one or more words in a sentence. As we know, emphasizing different words can change the meaning in almost all languages. Example: “I will give you a raise”. implication: depending on pitch and speed: “another supervisor wouldn’t” or “I have the power to determine your salary.” Implication: depending on pitch and speed: “you haven’t earned it” or “Ok, all right, you win. I am saying ‘yes’ to get rid of you, but I don’t really agree” or “I’ve just this instance decided that you deserve a raise.” Im