第七章微生物的生长及其控制-(精品课件).pptVIP

* ＊利用选择培养基进行直接分离 根据微生物的特点，在培养基中加入一些抑制剂，使不需要的菌不生长，需要的菌生长后有一定特征，然后挑取单菌落。 分离抗生素抗性菌株，可在加有抗生素的平板上分离。 分离蛋白酶产生菌，可在培养基中加入牛奶或酪素，蛋白酶产生菌在平板上生长会形成透明的蛋白质水解圈。 ＊富集培养 主要是指利用不同微生物间生命活动特点的不同，制定特定的环境条件，使仅适应于该条件的微生物旺盛生长，从而使其在群落中的数量大大增加，更容易从混杂的群体中分离到特定的微生物。 富集条件可从多方面选择，如温度、pH、紫外线、高压、光照、氧气、营养等等。 例如：分离产芽孢细菌，可以对样品进行高温处理，然后在进行培养。 * ★方法：用分光光度计测定一系列已知浓度菌液的透光度，绘出标准曲线，测定未知菌液的透光度，从标准曲线上即可查出该菌液的浓度。 特点：快速、简便；但易受干扰。 用光密度（OD）在560nm波长处测溶液混浊度 * 获得同步生长的方法： 1. 机械法— 收集同样大小的细胞 密度梯度离心： 选择性滤膜法: 2. 调整生理条件法： 温度、光、限制因子等 例：温度开始很低，使其均处在 仅活着的状态——升高温度—— 同步生长 ３. 抑制ＤＮＡ生长法： 加入代谢抑制剂，阻遏DNA 复制——解阻遏——同步 * When a fresh medium is inoculated with a given number of cells, and the population growth is monitored over a period of time, plotting the data will yield a typical bacterial growth curve (Figure 3 ). Figure 3. The typical bacterial growth curve. When bacteria are grown in a closed system (also called a batch culture), like a test tube, the population of cells almost always exhibits these growth dynamics:? cells initially adjust to the new medium (lag phase) until they can start dividing regularly by the process of binary fission (exponential phase).? When their growth becomes limited, the cells stop dividing (stationary phase), until eventually they show loss of viability (death phase).? Note the parameters of the x and y axes.? Growth is expressed as change in the number viable cells vs time.? Generation times are calculated during the exponential phase of growth.? Time measurements are in hours for bacteria with short generation times. * 将少量单细胞的纯培养，接种到一恒定容积的液体培养基中，在适宜条件下培养，定时取样，测菌量。以培养时间为横坐标，以细菌增长数目的对数为纵坐标，绘制所得的曲线。 典型的生长曲线一般可分为延迟期、对数期、稳定期和衰亡期。 a. Lag Phase Organisms are adjusting to the environment ( little or no division). They are synthesizing DNA, ribosomes and enzymes to breakdown nutrients, and to be used for growth. b. Log or Logarithmic phase Division is at a constant rate (generation time) but varies with species, temperature and media. Cells are most