2.文化的比喻.pptVIP

Intercultural Communication  CONTENTS 1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion 3.The Cultural Software 4.The Cultural Fish 5. The Cultural Story 6. Culture by Chinese 7. Culture by Americans 1.The Cultural Iceberg Culture Like an Iceberg a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part ) Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion Geert Hefestede a social psychologist and behavioural scientist in 1991 came up with this explanation of culture. In his view, culture is like an onion: a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as ‘culture’ and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture (in any particular society). Seven Layers Three Levels 1) artifacts 2) behavior 3) feelings 4) values 5) beliefs 6) worldview 7) ultimate allegiance Seven Layers Three Levels 1) Foundational level 2) Evaluating level 3) Actualizing level 3. The Cultural Software 1)The basic operating system that makes us human. 2)?Humans around the world are physically the same, universal. 3) Physical selves are the hardware. 4)?Home culture programs us and proves us the software. 5) An infant is a potential human at birth and become a real human with culture. 6)The computer stops working as a result of its incompatibility with someone else’s software. Information Made Flesh Individuals embody cultural software: they are literally information made flesh. They spread it to others through communication and social learning. Human minds and institutions provide the ecology in which cultural software grows, thrives, and develops. Human cultural software is created out of the diverse elements of cultural transmission, also known as memes. Australian Culture Programmed A couple immigrated to