规模经济 Ecnomics of Scale.pptVIP

Economics of Scale Economies of Scale:规模经济 Internal 内部/在External外部/在 Example Economies-of-Scale and Market structure Internal——Monopoly内部经济规模，垄断实现 External——Competition外部经济规模，自由竞争实现 Economics of Scale规模经济 reference to the reduction in unit (or average) costs with increasing output levels resulting from both 指单位成本下降而产出水平上升所致 1.the effects of fixed costs (once a pipe is installed, increased throughput reduces the average costs related to the use of the pipe) 固定成本效应（一旦安装了一根水管，相对于水管的使用过程而言，所增加的产出减少了平均成本） 2.increasing returns to scale