operating system《操作系统》ch14-protection-25讲义教材.ppt

14.* Goals of Protection Operating system consists of a collection of objects, hardware or software Each object has a unique name and can be accessed through a well-defined set of operations. Protection problem - ensure that each object is accessed correctly and only by those processes that are allowed to do so. Principles of Protection Guiding principle – principle of least privilege Programs, users and systems should be given just enough privileges to perform their tasks Domain Structure Access-right = object-name, rights-setwhere rights-set is a subset of all valid operations that can be performed on the object.  Domain = set of access-rights  Domain Implementation (UNIX) System consists of 2 domains: User Supervisor UNIX Domain = user-id Domain switch accomplished via file system. Each file has associated with it a domain bit (setuid bit). When file is executed and setuid = on, then user-id is set to owner of the file being executed. When execution completes user-id is reset. Domain Implementation (MULTICS) Let Di and Dj be any two domain rings. If j I ? Di ? Dj Access Matrix View protection as a matrix (access matrix) Rows represent domains Columns represent objects Access(i, j) is the set of operations that a process executing in Domaini can invoke on Objectj Access Matrix Use of Access Matrix If a process in Domain Di tries to do “op” on object Oj, then “op” must be in the access matrix. Can be expanded to dynamic protection. Operations to add, delete access rights. Special access rights: owner of Oi copy op from Oi to Oj control – Di can modify Dj access rights transfer – switch from domain Di to Dj Use of Access Matrix (Cont.) Access matrix design separates mechanism from policy. Mechanism Operating system provides access-matrix + rules. If ensures that the matrix is only manipulated by authorized agents and that rules are strictly enforced. Policy User dictates policy. Who can access what object and in what mode. Implementation of Acce