清代江南种痘事业探论-清史研究.PDF

2003 年 5 月 清史研究 May2003 　第 2 期 Studies in Qing History 　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　No 2 　 人口与环境 清代江南种痘事业探论 余新忠 [摘要] 人痘接种术大约在清初传入江南的浙西和苏南地区 , 然后逐渐传入浙东地区。施种牛痘的历史始于 道光年间 , 到光绪二十年前后 , 江南大多数县份都创设了牛痘局 。与接种人痘不同 , 牛痘传入后 , 官府很快介 入 , 积极加以推广 , 不过 , 创设的主要动力似乎仍来 自地方社会力量 。人痘或牛痘的足迹到清末已遍及江南城 乡各地 , 不过就整个江南地区来说 , 到清末有三四成以上的婴儿接种痘苗 , 已是一种乐观的估计 。种痘对清代 江南人口的增长虽然起到了一定的作用 , 但不宜估计过高 。 [ 关键词] 清代 　江南 　人痘 　牛痘 [ 中图分类号] K249 　 [文献标识码] A 　 [文章编号] 1002 - 8587 (2003) - 02 - 0028 - 10 A Preliminary Study of Vaccination in Jiangnan during the Qing Dynasty Small pox inoculation was introduced in western Zhejiang and sout hern J iangsu provinces and gradually to eastern Zhejiang province early in t he Qing DynastyCowpox vaccination dates to t he Daoguang reign but Cowpox Vaccination Bureaus were not established in most counties in J iangnan until 1840 Different from small pox inoculation , cowpox vacci nation spread quickly as t he result of positive and rapid intervention from government officials once introducedThe estab lishment of t he vaccination bureaus , however , was mainly t he work of local communitiesBy t he end of t he Qing Dy nast y , traces of small pox and cowpox could be found t hroughout t he villages and towns of J iangnan , but it is overly opti mistic to estimate t hat more t han t hirty to forty p ercent of infant s in J iangnan had been vaccinated at t he end of Qing Dy nastyVaccination did play a role in population growt h in J iangnan during t he Qing Dynasty , but it s contribution , esp e cially wit h regard to small pox , should not be over exaggerated 　　种痘术的出现与发展是明清医学史上最重