《manageent教学资料》robbins_mgmt11_ppt08_ge.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * Contingency Factors in Planning Manager’s level in the organization Strategic plans at higher levels Operational plans at lower levels Degree of environmental uncertainty Stable environment: specific plans Dynamic environment: specific but flexible plans Contingency Factors in Planning Length of future commitments Commitment Concept: Current plans affecting future commitments must be sufficiently long-term in order to meet those commitments. Exhibit 8-5:Planning in the Hierarchy Organizations Approaches to Planning Establishing a formal planning department Create a gr