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Chapter 3: The First Law of Thermodynamics for Closed Systems
c) The Air-Standard Diesel Cycle (Compression-Ignition) Engine
The Air Standard Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for Compression-Ignition (CI)
reciprocating engines, first proposed by Rudolph Diesel over 100 years ago. The
following link by theKruse Technology Partnership describes the four-stroke diesel
cycle operation including a short history of Rudolf Diesel. The four-stroke diesel engine
is usually used in motor vehicle systems, whereas larger marine systems usually use
the two-stroke diesel cycle. Once again we have an excellent animation produced
by Matt Keveney presenting the operation of the four-stroke diesel cycle.
The actual CI cycle is extremely complex, thus in initial analysis we use an ideal air-
standard assumption, in which the working fluid is a fixed mass of air undergoing the
complete cycle which is treated throughout as an ideal gas. All processes are ideal,
combustion is replaced by heat addition to the air, and exhaust is replaced by a heat
rejection process which restores the air to the initial state.
The ideal air-standard diesel engine undergoes 4 distinct processes, each one of which
can be separately analysed, as shown in the P-V diagrams below. Two of the four
processes of the cycle are adiabatic processes (adiabatic = no transfer of heat), thus
before we can continue we need to develop equations for an ideal gas adiabatic
process as follows:
The Adiabatic Process of an Ideal Gas (Q = 0)
The analysis results in the following three general forms representing an adiabatic
process:
where k is the ratio of heat capacities and has a nominal value of 1.4 at 300K for air.
Process 1-2 is the adiabatic compression process. Thus the temperature of the air
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