词汇学_Morpheme_21+Nov+2010.pptVIP

Changes in Word Meaning;Historical changes of words;Extension of meaning Holiday：Holy day Bird: young bird Arrive: arrive at the bank 英语词义变迁有四种结果：语义的大、缩小、变褒、贬低;⑴词义的扩大: Extension of meaning holiday -holy day-any day you have break. Bird-young bird-any animal that can fly. Arrive-arrive at the river bank-arrive at any place. ⑵词义缩小: narrowing of meaning Deer=animal in middle English Girl=young person in middle English ⑶感情意义转移：变成褒义: elevation of meaning constable =“an attendant at the stable” and then“a police officer” queen =“woman”=“the female king”;⑷变成贬义: degradation of meaning villain = “farmer”=“criminal 罪犯” mistress= opposite to mister= “情妇” ;Changes in word meaning in Chinese;⑵词语适用范围的变化：扩大和缩小。 ①扩大：词所指概念外延的扩大。江、河原指长江，黄河，现指所有内陆水域。 ②缩小：语言单位所概括和应用???范围由大变小 如：“臭”古代指一切气味如《易经》：“其臭如兰”，现在专指难闻的气味。;⑶词语意义的更新： 随着社会生活的变化，有些词保留下来，但是意义却发生变化，原来的意义被新的意义所代替。如“兵”原来的意义是指兵器（如“坚甲利兵”），后来变成“战士”，原来的意义不存在了。 ;Causes of change;Social reasons: Ullmann (1977): “Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change”. ;Class reasons Psychological reasons 上帝用泥土造人, 人生生来一切平等, 于是死去就统统return to dust/ earth( 归于尘土) 。人生来就是有罪的, 必须赎罪, 故死去 “pay the debt of nature( 偿清欠负大自然的债务) ; 上帝乃万物之主, 人死后就得be called to God/ answer the final summons( 应召到上帝身边) , 并且hand in one’s accounts/ be sent to one’s account( 交上自己的账本) , 如实汇报一生的所作所为, 听候上帝的?? the Last Judgment , ;所以人生在世必须积德行善, 方能pay Charon( 雇请冥河上的船夫) cross the River Styx ( 将自己安稳地渡过冥河) , 去pay Saint Peter a visit( 拜见守卫天国大门的圣彼得) , 然后go to Heaven/ Paradise( 进入天国) , 并且be promoted to glory( 获得??国的荣耀) ; 这样就能be with God( 与上帝同在) , be asleep in the Arms of God/ in Jesus/ lie in Abraham’s bosom( 安睡在上帝/ 耶稣/ 亚伯拉罕的怀抱里) , 而be at peace( 心安神泰) 。这样便go to one’s final reward( 得到了最后的报偿) 。人死只是yield up the ghost( 魂出躯壳) , 而灵魂却能launch into eternity ( 永生) 。 并且能have one??s name inscribed in the Book of Life ( 名字留在永生簿里) 。;Linguistic reasons