量子通信的前沿、理论与实践.PDFVIP

中国工程科学 2018年 第20卷 第6期 DOI 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.06.014 量子通信的前沿、理论与实践 王向斌1, 2 （1. 清华大学物理系，北京 100084 ；2. 济南量子技术研究院，济南370102 ） 摘要：量子通信是量子信息科学的重要分支，其中最重要的两个应用是量子密钥分发和量子隐形传态。量子密钥分发可为通 信双方提供无条件安全的密钥分发方式，其理论安全性由量子力学规律保证。量子密钥分发因其无条件安全的特点受到广泛 关注。本文通过对量子密钥分发的广泛调研，系统地介绍了量子密钥分发的主要内容、理论安全性证明现状和实际安全性证 明现状，着重介绍了诱骗态方法和测量装置无关的量子密钥分发方案；同时针对量子密钥分发在信道衰减严重时面临的问题 做了系统调研，介绍了目前学术界对该问题的主流解决方法，即量子中继或卫星中继；最后指出量子密钥分发已经由理论模 型发展到实际系统，为后续开展量子密钥分发相关研究提供了有益参考。 关键词：量子密钥分发；无条件安全性；现实条件安全性；纠缠分发；量子中继 中图分类号：TN915 文献标识码：A The Front, Theory and Practice of Quantum Communication Wang Xiangbin 1, 2 (1. Physics Department of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; 2. Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan 370102, China) Abstract: Quantum communication is an important branch of quantum information, where the two most important applications are quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum teleportation. QKD can provide unconditionally secure key distribution methods between two remotely separated parties, and its information theoretical security is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics. QKD has received much attention due to its unconditional security. Through extensive research on QKD, this paper systematically introduces the main content of QKD, the status of theoretical security proof and real-life security proof, and mainly focuses on the decoy state method and measurement-device-independent QKD. Besides, this paper systematically investigates the problems faced by QKD in the case of severe channel attenuation, and introduces the mainstream solution to the problem, i.e., quant