收集研究和提取数据.ppt

* * * Data Elements: Timing and Study DesignWhich data elements one extracts vary by type of study. For example, if one analyzes randomized trials, it may be useful to extract a series of items including number of centers (for multicenter studies), method of randomization (to assess adequacy of allocation concealment), blinding of patients and outcome assessors, funding source, whether the analysis is by intention to treat, and so on. Again, one may have to use operational definitions for some of these items. For example, the intention-to-treat principle is not perceived identically by researchers who run trials and by study authors. * David L. Sackett. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000. * * * * * David L. Sackett. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000. * David L. Sackett. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000. Data Elements: Outcome (I)Of course, all outcomes should be determined a priori after discussions with the Technical Expert Panel.In practice, it is not uncommon that the protocol criteria are unclear about which outcomes to include and which to discard. For example, some studies may report mean change in ejection fraction, and other studies may report the proportion of patients with an increase in ejection fraction by at least 5 percent.It may be useful to record different definitions of “outcome” and consult with content experts before making a decision about which definition to use. Data Elements: Outcome (I)Of course, all outcomes should be determined a priori after discussions with the Technical Expert Panel.In practice, it is not uncommon that the protocol criteria are unclear about which outcomes to include and which to discard. For example, some studies may report mean change in ejection fraction, and other studies may report the propor