以及龙卷涡旋与漏斗云地面位置的关系-WMO.PDF

龙卷 Why do we care TC-tornadoes ？ Smaller size, shorter life cycle, weaker disaster relative to midlatitude tornadoes • Damage – Contribute to 10% TC fatalities ，0.5% TC economic losses (Novlan and Gray 1974) • High frequency – In the U.S., ~ 60% landfall hurricanes produce tornadoes. It is a 100% for Landfall TCs with Hurricane intensity (McCaul ，1991 ） Motivation TC-tornado is a very small system in a big TC •Lack of active spotters offering ground truth •Ambiguous and uncertain radar signatures •Very limited numerical model capability Most works on TC-tornadoes are on climatology. However: • Most of the climatology work were on the U.S cases. How different is the climatology of TC-tornadoes in China remains unknown. • Detailed case study has been very rare. How different is the damage and radar features of a TC tornado from mid- latitude tornadoes remains unknown. Spatial distribution 25/65 landfall TCs in 2006−2017 35 tornadoes Within ~250 km from the coast line •~ Within 500 km from the coast line for the U.S. TC-tornadoes （Edwards 2012 ） Frequency • In China, 38% landfall TCs produce tornadoes – In Japan, ~ 40% landfall TCs produce tornadoes （Mitsuta ，1983 ） – In the U.S., ~ 60% Landfall TCs produce (McCaul ，1991 ） • ~3 per year in China 6 in typhoon Prapiroon (2006) in China (Bai and Meng 2017; Zheng et al. 2015) – ~3 per year in Japan . （Fujita 1972) S. U – ~70 per year in the U.S. e h t （Edwards 2012)