光学 光吸收色散和散射.pptx

第九章 吸收、色散和散射;1、吸收 2、色散 3、经典色散理论 4、波包的群速 5、波包的展宽 6、光孤子 7、散射; 介质对光的吸收、色散和散射，均系分子尺度上光与物质的相互作用。 没有任何介质对光波或电磁波是绝对透明的，光的强度随传播距离而减少的现象，称为介质对光的吸收(absorption)。 介质中光速与光频或光波长有关，这被称作光的色散(dispersion)。 介质的不均匀性将导致光的散射(scattering)。 几乎所有光传输器件，如透镜、棱镜或光纤，都必须认真考虑其吸收、色散和散射的影响。;;;激光防护理想性能： ? 足够宽的防护带宽 ? 对弱辐射有足够高 的线性透过率;普遍吸收和选择吸收;;;吸收光谱 Absorption Spectrum;Chlorophyll ：叶绿素;夫琅禾费线; 1802年?Wollaston首次发现太阳光谱中的黑线。 1814年,Fraunhofer 独立地再次发现太阳光谱中黑线，并且系统研究和测量了这些谱线的波长。他绘出了570条谱线，并给出表示字母。 现代研究观察到数千条谱线。;Gustav Kirchhoff (left) and Robert Bunsen (right);Desig-nation; 原子分子吸收光谱的灵敏度非常高，混合物或化合物中原子分子的极少变化，将导致光谱吸收线的出现或其光密度的很大变化。 历史上就曾依据吸收光谱分析方法发现了铯、铷、铊、铟、镓等多种新元素，这一方法已广泛应用于化学的定量分析。;复折射率：;无吸收透明介质，沿z方向传播的平面波函数：;吸收介质中的波函数可以写成：;Schematic of the setup for ultrasensitive detection of gas species by measuring their absorption spectra with a laser frequency comb source. An Er:fiber femtosecond laser is locked to a high-finesse optical cavity containing the gas sample. An electro-optic modulator (EOM) is used to phase modulate the comb light at 14 megahertz, and the cavity reflected light is dispersed by a reflection grating and imaged on two photo detectors (PD1 and PD2) in order to create error signals at two different wavelengths. The feedback is sent to a laser current controller and to a PZT (piezoelectric transducer) inside the laser cavity. The cavity transmitted light is coupled through a polarization-maintaining fiber into a fast-scanning Fourier transform spectrometer. The two outputs of the interferometer (beams 1 and 2) are incident on two photodiodes of the autobalancing photodetector. The beam of a continuous-wave 780-nanometer external cavity diode laser (ECDL), used for frequency calibration, is propagating parallel to the frequency comb beam and incident on a separate detector (not shown). P = polarizer, PBS = polarizing beam splitter cube, λ/4 = quarter-wave plate, λ/2 = half-wave plate. ;2、 色散;正常色散 (normal dispersion)： 透明的介质的折射率n随波长λ的增加而减小;1836