国际物流管理课件.pptxVIP

Chapter 2International LogisticsInternational LogisticsHistorical DevelopmentLogistics Supply Chain ManagementElements of International LogisticsEconomic Importance of LogisticsInternational Reverse LogisticsHistorical DevelopmentThe Early “Slow” DaysThe first international logisticians were traders on the Silk Road, a well-traveled trade route, in use for over 3,000 years, stretching from Europe to Asia and passing through the Middle East.Early modern logisticians were concerned primarily with ensuring goods arrived at their destination in good condition and at the lowest possible cost.Following World War II, logistics began to incorporate the techniques used by the military. Logistics began to refer to not just the movement of goods but also to sales, the procurement of supplies, and the management of supplier and customer relationships.The Move Toward SpeedThe introduction of containers (or “boxes”) in the late 1950s, and their eventual widespread adoption, made shipping much more efficient as well as cheaper and faster.In the 1970s, new companies, like FedEx and DHL, introduced time-defined air shipping services, and gained a large market share in domestic shipments. In the 1980s, international air shipments grew as costs came down and the number of destinations increased. Air transport became cost-competitive with ocean transport for many products. The Emphasis on Customer SatisfactionThe very high interest rates of the 1980s led companies to reduce inventory levels.New inventory management techniques were created to reduce inventory costs. Those techniques included:Just-in-time (JIT)Materials Requirement Planning (MRP)Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II)Distribution Resources Planning (DRP)Since these techniques relied on rapid and reliable deliveries, logistics firms provided reduced shipping times and time-defined deliveries.Just-In-Time TechniquesJust-in-time manufacturing is a process that plans for parts to arrive on the assembly line just before th