全麻念.pptVIP

Chapter 6Basic Concept of General Anesthesia  General anesthesia is an altered physiologic state characterized by reversible loss of consciousness, analgesia of the entire body, amnesia and some degree of muscle relaxation. Induction → Maintenance → Recovery 1.Induction of General Anesthesia Definition 全麻诱导是指病人从清醒转为可以进行手术操作的麻醉状态的过程。 Induction of General Anesthesia-- Methods  ① Rapid-sequence Intravenous Induction     Induction of General Anesthesia  ① Rapid-sequence Intravenous Induction -- Disadvantage and Complications Induction of General Anesthesia  ② Inhalational Induction-- Indications  ● young children ● myasthenia gravies ● upper airway obstruction, e.g. Epiglottitis ● lower airway obstruction with foreign body ● bronchopleural fistula or empyema ● no accessible veins Induction of General Anesthesia  Inhalational Induction-- Methods  Initially, nitrous oxide 70% in oxygen is used and anesthesia is deepened by gradual introduction of increments of a volatile agent, e.g. Halothane 1-3%, Enflurane 1.5-2.5%, Isoflurane 1-2% . Induction of General Anesthesia  Inhalational Induction-- characteristics ● Spontaneous ventilation is to be maintained. ● the face mask is applied firmly as consciousness is lost and the airway is supported manually. ● Insertion of an oropharyngeal airway , a laryngeal mask airway or a tracheal tube may be considered when anesthesia has been established.  Induction of General Anesthesia  Inhalational Induction Disadvantage and Complications ● Slow induction of anesthesia ● Airway obstruction , bronchospasm ● Laryngeal spasm , hiccups ● Env