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Part One
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Chapter 1 Land and People
Ⅰ.Names
1. Different names for Britain and its parts
2. British Empire (100 years ago)
About 100 years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had 1/4 of the world’s people
and 1/4 of the world’s land area. It had colonies in North America, Asia, Africa and Australia.
3. Commonwealth (1931)
The commonwealth (of Nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colo nies of Britain.
Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no
special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.
4. Reason for Britain Empire changed into a Commonwealth: the two world wars greatly weakened Britain.
Ⅱ.Features
1. Location
Advantage: No part of Britain is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long
and has good, deep harbours. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.
2. General features
a. Tilting: ① Rising in North-West cause highlands there; ② Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.
b. Ice Age: responsible for Britain’s spectacular mountain scenery.
3. England (more than 130,000 square kilometres which takes up nearly 60% of the whole island)
a. Pennines, principal mountain chain.
b. Scafell (978 m), the highest peak of England.
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c. Capital: London.
4. Scotland (78,760 square kilomet
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