《西方文化浪漫主义》-课件设计（公开）.pptVIP

Romanticism Romanticism What is Romanticism? Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement in Germany, it held that classicism, dominant since the 16th century, failed to express man’s emotional nature and overlooked his profound inner forces. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society. As a reaction to the industrial revolution, it looked to the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature for inspiration. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th century Europe. Two revolutions incurred by the Enlightenment: The French revolution The industrial revolution French Revolution It established bourgeois democracy with its slogans of liberty, equality and universal brotherhood. Individualism prevailed. Writers and artists sought to express man’s inner feelings freely. At the same time, national liberation movements spread, calling forth national literatures in their wake. The Industrial Revolution It made possible by technological advances such as, James Watts invention of the steam engine in 1764, brought unforeseen changes to each individual and society as a whole. Man’s thinking was fundamentally affected. New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith (1723—1790) in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776), which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism. Literature took the full force of Romanticism. It brought forth a full flowering of literary talents. The leading Romantic writers were Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, Byron, Shelley and Keats in England, Hugo and Sand in France, Heine in Ger-many, Manzoni and Leopardi in Italy, Pushkin in Russia, Michie-wicz in Poland. Their works, diversified in character and daring in spirit, all depicted man’s eager search for individua