第28章讲义.ppt

Chapter Twenty-Eight Game Theory 博弈论 Contents Dominant strategy Nash equilibrium Prisoner’s dilemma and repeated games Multiple equilibria and sequential games Pure and mixed strategies Game Theory Game theory models strategic behavior by agents who understand that their actions affect the actions of other agents. Some Applications of Game Theory The study of oligopolies (industries containing only a few firms) The study of cartels; e.g. OPEC The study of externalities; e.g. using a common resource such as a fishery. The study of military strategies. What is a Game? A game consists of a set of players a set of strategies for each player the payoffs to each player for every possible list of strategy choices by the players. Two-Player Games A game with just two players is a two-player game. We will study only games in which there are two players, each of whom can choose between only two strategies. An Example of a Two-Player Game The players are called A and B. Player A has two strategies, called “Up” and “Down”. Player B has two strategies, called “Left” and “Right”. The table showing the payoffs to both players for each of the four possible strategy combinations is the game’s payoff matrix (支付矩阵). An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game An Example of a Two-Player Game No Dominant Strategy for One Player When Strength Is Weakness No Dominant Strategy for Both The Battle of Sexes Nash Equilibrium A play of the game where each strategy is a best reply to the other is a Nash equilibrium. A dominant strategy equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium; In the “strength is weakness” example, (W,P) is a Nash equilibrium. In the “battle of sexes” example, there are two Nash equilibria. The Prisoner’s Dilemma A Nash equilibrium may not be Pareto optimal/efficient. Consider a famous second example of a two-player game called the Pris