水平井增产措施（分段压裂）.ppt

* We weren’t satisfied with the depth limitations of Cobra Frac, or the fact that we had to use the large OD coils and we began to experiment with Hydra-jetting. If we could make our own perforations without coming out of the well we could then use the annulus to pump the frac treatment and eliminate the need for perforating and reduce cycle time. Hydra-jetting technology is old … most of it developed in the 1950’s. Simply position a jetting device adjacent to casing and pump an abrasive fluid – linear gel and sand – at a differential pressure of 1200 to 3000 psi and eroded perforation tunnels can be accomplished in 5 to 10 minutes. The upper left hand picture shows hydra-jetting through 5-1/2” casing cemented inside 9-5/8” casing. The time required to jet through the 9-5/8” casing was less than 3 minutes and the hole made by the ?” jet was almost an inch. This size of perforation would be difficult to achieve with conventional explosive perforating. The slides on the right illustrate the erosion pattern of the jet on cement sheath and sandstone. Note that though the perforation diameter in steel was almost an inch, the eroded rock diameter was more than twice that. The resulting connectivity to the reservoir for fracturing and for production is greatly enhanced. The picture in the middle is a downhole camera shot of hydra-jetted perforations after a fracture treatment. The measured diameter of the perforation in steel was 1.008” and was created with a 3/16” jet. There is a proppant packed perforation barely visible on the lower left of the picture. Slotting of the casing is possible by simply moving the tool during jetting to create an even larger flow area of the perforation. * Though Hydra-jet perforating precedes explosive jet perforating from a technology perspective many of the advantages have been lost over time … you see the depth of penetration into sandstone rock accomplished with explosive jet perforating but what is difficult to see is the permeability