Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer英文电子资料.pdfVIP

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology Program Office Case Studies in Applied Epidemiology No. 731-703 Cigarette Smoking and Lung Cancer Students Guide Learning Objectives After completing this case study, the participant should be able to: G Discuss the elements of study design, and the advantages and disadvantages of case-control versus prospective cohort studies; G Discuss some of the biases that might have affected these studies; G Calculate a rate ratio, rate difference, odds ratio, and attributable risk percent; G Interpret each measure and describe each measures main use; and G Review the criteria for causation. This case study is based on the classic studies by Doll and Hill that demonstrated a relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Two case studies were developed by Clark Heath, Godfrey Oakley, David Erickson, and Howard Ory in 1973. The two case studies were combined into one and substantially revised and updated by Nancy Binkin and Richard Dicker in 1990. Current version updated by Richard Dicker with input from Julie Magri and the 2003 EIS Summer Course instructors. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service CDC / EIS Summer Course 2003: Smoking and Lung Ca - Students Guide Page 2 A causal relationship between cigarette smoking over a 4-year period (April 1948 - February and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s 1952). Initially, 20 hospitals, and later more, on the basis of clinical observations. To test this were as