细胞生物学第二章细胞是生命的基本单位.pptx

第二章 细胞是生命的基本单位 a.细胞结构是生命的结构单位，所以有机体都有细胞构成。 第一节、细胞的基本特征 b. 所有代谢活动都以细胞为基础。 C. 是繁殖的基础和遗传的桥梁 d. 细胞生命成长和发育的基础 Human fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus, continue during the second trimester. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length. e. 细胞具有全能型 As a general rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the same set of genes. For animals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloning. An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. Dolly the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult. Dolly and her daughter The process of cloning Dolly Is there any practical value to such technology? 2. 细胞基本的特性 Cells are highly complex and organized, capable of self-regulation; Cells acquire and utilize energy. B. All cells share similar structure, composition and metabolic features: Plasma membrane, DNA/RNA, and Ribosome. 第二节 原核细胞与古核细胞 原核细胞没有核膜，DNA为裸露的环状分子，通常没有结合蛋白。没有恒定的内膜系统，核糖体为70S型，通常称为细菌（bacterium）。 古细胞（archaeal cell）形态上与原核细胞相似，但并不意味着它们是最古老的细胞类型。 两类基本的细胞: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes A. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are distinguished by the size and the types of internal structures, or organelles, especially if there is nuclear envelope. Bacteria are prokaryotes, they arose 3.5 billion years ago; Protists（原生生物）, fungi, plants, and animals are eukaryotes. The first eukaryotes arose 1.5 billion years ago. 原核细胞的类型: Two Subkingdoms Tree of life has three primary branches. A. Sub