核医学辐射防护Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine.pptVIP

Part 1. Biological effects of ionizing radiation Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine Part 1. Biological effects of ionizing radiation RADIATION PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE Part 1: Biological effects of ionizing radiation OBJECTIVE CONTENT Basic concepts, cellular effects Deterministic effects Stochastic effects Effects on embryo and fetus Risk estimates Part 1. Biological effects Module 1.1. Basic concepts Early Observations of the Effects of Ionizing Radiation Effects of Radiation Exposure The critical target: DNA Interaction of ionizing radiation with DNA Damage to DNA Exposure of the cell Outcomes after cell exposure Repair … order of magnitudes 999 of 1000 lesions are repaired 999 of 1000 damaged cells die (not a major problem as millions of cells die every day in every person) many cells may live with damage (could be mutated) Cell killingRadiosensitivity RS = Probability of a cell, tissue or organ of suffering an effect per unit of dose. Bergonie and Tribondeau (1906): “RS LAWS”: RS will be greater if the cell: Is highly mitotic. Is undifferentiated. RADIOSENSITIVITY Biological effects at cellular level Possible mechanisms of cell death: Physical death Functional death Death during interphase Mitotic delay Reproductive failure Factors affecting radiosensitivity Physical LET (linear energy transfer): ? RS Dose rate: ? RS Temperature ? RS Chemical Increase RS: OXYGEN, cytotoxic drugs. Decrease RS: SULFURE (cys, cysteamine…) Biological Cycle status: ? RS: G2, M ? RS: S Repair of damage (sub-lethal damage may be repaired e.g. fractionated dose) CELL SURVIVALRadiation quality IONIZATION PATTERN BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Part 1. Biological effects Module 1.2. Deterministic effects Deterministic effects Threshold Doses for Deterministic Effects Cataracts of the lens of the eye 2-10 Gy Permanent sterility males 3.5-6 Gy females 2.5-6 Gy Temporary sterility males 0.15 Gy females 0.6 Gy Note on