率及其到在现场流行病学中的应用.pptVIP

* Simple formula with the result normally expressed as a percent. Thus, the multiplication by 100. Both versions are equivalent WHY? The denominator for the crude death rate is identical to the denominator for the cause specific death rate. The PMR may be applied to any population group Accordingly, the population will cancel from the second formula leaving one with a simple number that can be expressed as a percent The group that this applies to is not stated in these formulae. It could be the entire population of a country, or a district or a particular age group. However, Above all it is important never to use the PMR to compare between different areas, population groups or time periods. * * * Here we see that during 2002 the proportionate mortality for injuries was 32 percent and injuries ranked No. 1 among the causes of death in Epiland. This proportionate mortality was computed by dividing 41,746 injury-specific deaths by 130,456 deaths from all causes. Proportionate mortality may also be disguised as a ranking. Often one hears that the first cause of death in a country is cardiovascular disease, or motor vehicle accidents, or perhaps AIDS. In the data presented here, we see that injuries are the number one cause of death in Epiland in 2002. The field epidemiology should immediately recognize that whether expressed as a percentage or a ranking the distortions remain the same. * One should realize that the proportionate mortality and the ranking can be changed simply by further subdividing groups or aggregating causes of death. Were injuries the number one ranked cause of death in the preceding table because we aggregated all injuries into one category? In this table we have broken up injuries into three categories (traffic injuries, homicides, and suicides). This effectively reduces their proportionate mortality and lowers the ranking. Proportionate mortality is dependent upon the classification scheme which may be artificial or arbitrar