第八单元7篇： 古代学说与影响.docVIP

第八单元 古代学说影响及传统 本单元内容：1、儒家， 1篇； 2、道家， 1篇； 3、墨子， 1篇； 4、集体观， 1篇； 5、时间观， 1篇； 6、友谊观， 1篇； 7、谦虚观念， 1篇 I. 儒家 Confucianism focuses on moral and ethnic education as well as self-cultivation of an individual rather than punishment. It holds that the development of education and less punishment is a necessity to national stability and happy life. If everyone could receive education and enlightenment, the whole nation would become civilized and the people would have higher morality. Meng Zi (370BC-286 B.C.), known as Mencius and born in State Zou (around the modern-day county-level city of Zoucheng, Shandong province), was a Confucian disciple who made major contributions to the humanism of Confucian thought. Mencius declared that man was by nature good, so he expostulated that a ruler could not govern without the people’s tacit consent and that the penalty for unpopular, despotic rule was the loss of the “mandate of heaven”. Mencius was the synthesizer and developer of applied Confucian thought. 译文 儒家思想强调道德和论理教育，强调个体的自我修养而非惩罚。儒家思想认为，发展教育和尽量避免惩罚是国泰民安的必要条件。 如果人人能够接受教育和启蒙，那么全国都会文明开化，道德水平就会提高。 孟子（公元前370-286）出生于邹国（今天山东省邹城县级市附近），是孔子的门生，对儒家的人文主义思想做出了主要的贡献。孟子说人性本善，所以他说，没有人民的同意，统治者不可以统治，并说，不受人欢迎的暴君，将惩罚其失去天运。 孟子是应用性儒家思想的整合者和发展者。 II. 道家 Lao Zi (600- 470? B.C., also known as Lao Dan), a great thinker and philosopher of Confucius’ contemporaries, was a man from the State of Chu who was probably born before Confucius by scores of years. He had been a low-ranking official looking after the library in the palace of the Zhou Dynasty. While he was at the job, he engaged in philosophical studies and came to the conclusion that the universe consisted of sky, earth, humanity and what he called 道 (Tao or natural laws, paths or ways). He believed that Tao is a priori which is the source of everything else in the universe. Growing much discontented with the actual conditions of society in his later years, he felt a strong nostalgia for the bygone days, so he hoped for a return to the primitive