Lecture-9培训课件.pptVIP

Mathematical Concepts sets and constructive set specification set operators logic operators e.g., V i, j: N ? i j i2 = j2 which states that, for every pair of values in the set of natural numbers, if i is greater than j, then i2 is greater than j2. sequences ? Pressman 精品文档 The Z Language Organized into schemas defines variables establishes relationships between variables the analog for a “module” in conventional languages ? Pressman 精品文档 Advantages of Formal Specification It provides insights into the software requirements and the design. Formal specifications may be analyzed mathematically and the consistency and completeness of the specification demonstrated. It may be possible to prove that the implementation corresponds to the specification. Sommerville 精品文档 Advantages of Formal Specifications Formal specifications may be used to guide the tester of the component in identifying appropriate test cases. Formal specifications may be processed using software tools. It may be possible to animate the specification to provide a software prototype. Sommerville 精品文档 Development Cost Comparison Sommerville 精品文档 The Z Specification Process Sommerville 精品文档 Why Arent Formal Methods Used? (1) Inherent management conservatism. It is hard to demonstrate the advantages of formal specification in an objective way. Many software engineers lack the training in discrete math necessary for formal specification. System customers may be unwilling to fund specification activities. Some classes of software (particularly interactive systems and concurrent systems) are difficult to specify using current techniques. Sommerville 精品文档 Why Arent Formal Methods Used? (2) There is widespread ignorance of the applicability of formal specifications. There is little tool support available for formal notations. Some computer scientists who are familiar with formal methods lack knowledge of the real-world problems to which these may be applied and therefore oversell the t