曼昆《经济学原理》（宏观经济学分册）英文原版课件.pptVIP

Diminishing Returns and the Catch-Up Effect The catch-up effect refers to the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich. Investment from Abroad Governments can increase capital accumulation and long-term economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign sources. Investment from Abroad Investment from abroad takes several forms: Foreign Direct Investment Capital investment owned and operated by a foreign entity. Foreign Portfolio Investment Investments financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents. Education For a country’s long-run growth, education is at least as important as investment in physical capital. In the United States, each year of schooling raises a person’s wage, on average, by about 10 percent. Thus, one way the government can enhance the standard of living is to provide schools and encourage the population to take advantage of them. Copyright ? 2004 South-Western 通过合理的状态检修设备实现对电力设备的在线检测的方法，可以帮助企业最快了解电力设备的实际运行状态，并准确掌握设备的运行参数或者线路的标准状态 Copyright ? 2004 South-Western 9 THE REAL ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN 25 Production and Growth Production and Growth A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. Production and Growth Within a country there are large changes in the standard of living over time. Production and Growth In the United States over the past century, average income as measured by real GDP per person has grown by about 2 percent per year. Production and Growth Productivity refers to the amount of goods and services produced for each hour of a worker’s time. A nation’s standard of living is determined by the productivity of its workers. Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences Copyright?2004 South-Western ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations. ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD The poorest countries have average levels of income that have not