微观经济学英文ppt课件.ppt

通过合理的状态检修设备实现对电力设备的在线检测的方法，可以帮助企业最快了解电力设备的实际运行状态，并准确掌握设备的运行参数或者线路的标准状态 Public Goods and Common Resources公共品和共有资源 Chapter 11 思考一下： 为什么鲸鱼会面临灭绝而鲫鱼不会？ 为什么老虎会面临灭绝而狗却不会？ 为什么独裁者依靠一小支部队就能维持统治？ “The best things in life are free. . .” Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets… …for these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. When a good does not have a price attached to it, private markets cannot ensure that the good is produced and consumed in the proper amounts. In such cases, government policy can potentially remedy the market failure that results, and raise economic well-being. “The best things in life are free. . .” The Different Kinds of Goods When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable? Is the good rival? Excludability（排他性） People can be prevented from enjoying the good. Laws recognize and enforce private property rights. Rivalness（竞争性） One person’s use of the good diminishes another person’s enjoyment of it. The Different Kinds of Goods Four Types of Goods Private Goods Are both excludable and rival. Public Goods Are neither excludable nor rival. Common Resources Are rival but not excludable. Natural Monopolies Are excludable but not rival. Types of Goods Rival? Yes No Yes Private Goods · Ice - cream cones · Clothing · Congested toll roads Natural Monopolies · Movies · Cable TV · Uncongested toll roads No Common Resources · Fish in the ocean · The environment · Congested nontoll roads Public Goods · National de fense · Knowledge · Uncongested nontoll roads Excludable? The Free-Rider Problem A free-rider is a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.