吉林师范大学管理学院公共政策课件.pptVIP

video Freedom itself was attacked this morning by a faceless coward. And freedom will be defended. I think we are going to win the war on terrorism! ----President Bush Results: Anti-terrorism policies Safe-guarded the Amerian soil Wars on Afcan and Iraq Mornitoring foreigners What reasons promotes this transfer? What is it that changes an everyday difficulty into a public debate? The answer is known as triggering mechanisms . (TM s) Definition：（定义） TMs are a critical event (or a set of events) that converts a problem into a widely shared negative public response. 触发机制是通过某个重要的事件或一系列重要事件，促使某个问题引起公众广泛的回应与关注的系统。 TMs are important in reordering the consciousness levels of both the public and the public policy makers. 触发机制的重要作用在于它能对公众和政策制定者对某类问题的严重程度重新排序。 John Kingdon describes the conditions for TMs as “policy windows”. If a development or an action attracts considerable public attention and widespread demand for charge, then it is considered to be TMs. If the development goes by without sizable reaction, then it is not. 如果事物的发展或一项行动能够引起公众足够的关注，并掀起广泛要求来促使改变此种境况，那么这就可以认定为是触发机制，否则，便不是触发机制。 一、触发机制的要素 TMs factors The value of TMs as a catalyst for public policy stems from the interaction of three factors: scope, (范围) intensity, (强度) time. (时间) Together these factors constitute the core ingredients of the demands for policies change. The presence of each factor in combination with the others establishes the potential impact of the TMs on the public policy process as well as the likelihood for change. 1．Scope: 范围 Scope refers to the number of people affected by the TMs. 范围：它指的是触发机制所影响的人数。 M: toxic spills 有毒物质的泄漏 If an event has widespread imp