四川大学计算机网络课件 Chapter2.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Application Layer 2-* P2P file distribution: BitTorrent tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent torrent: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file Alice arrives … file divided into 256Kb chunks peers in torrent send/receive file chunks … obtains list of peers from tracker … and begins exchanging file chunks with peers in torrent Application Layer 2-* peer joining torrent: has no chunks, but will accumulate them over time from other peers registers with tracker to get list of peers, connects to subset of peers (“neighbors”) P2P file distribution: BitTorrent while downloading, peer uploads chunks to other peers peer may change peers with whom it exchanges chunks churn: peers may come and go once peer has entire file, it may (selfishly) leave or (altruistically) remain in torrent Application Layer 2-* BitTorrent: requesting, sending file chunks requesting chunks: at any given time, different peers have different subsets of file chunks periodically, Alice asks each peer for list of chunks that they have Alice requests missing chunks from peers, rarest first sending chunks: tit-for-tat Alice sends chunks to those four peers currently sending her chunks at highest rate other peers are choked by Alice (do not receive chunks from her) re-evaluate top 4 every10 secs every 30 secs: randomly select another peer, starts sending chunks “optimistically unchoke” this peer newly chosen peer may join top 4 Application Layer 2-* BitTorrent: tit-for-tat (1) Alice “optimistically unchokes” Bob (2) Alice becomes one of Bob’s top-four providers; Bob reciprocates (3) Bob becomes one of Alice’s top-four providers higher upload rate: find better trading partners, get file faster ! Distributed Hash Table (DHT) DHT: a distributed P2P database database has (key, value) pairs; examples: key: ss number; value: human name key: movie title; value: IP