网络基础知识——初级培训.pptVIP

* * This figure illustrates encapsulation. The protocol data units (PDUs) are the terms used in the industry and in this course to describe data at the different layers. Encapsulation is a key concept that illustrates how data is formatted prior to being sent across a link. This example is an illustration is Ethernet (or token ring) at the data link and physical layer and TCP/IP at the network and transport layers. At a transmitting device, the data encapsulation method works as follows: 1. User information is converted to data for transmission on the network. 2. Data is converted to segments and a reliable connection is set up between the transmitting and receiving hosts. 3. Segments are converted to packets or datagrams, and a logical address is placed in the header so each packet can be routed through an inter-network. 4. Packets or datagrams are converted to frames for transmission on the local network. Hardware (Ethernet) addresses are used to uniquely identify hosts on a local network segment. 5. Frames are converted to bits, and a digital encoding and clocking scheme is used. * This figure illustrates de-encapsulation. At the destination, the headers at each layer are stripped off as the data moves back up the stack. * This figure compares hubs in a CSMA/CD environment to a highway with multiple access points. The more entrance points onto the highway, the greater the likelihood for a collision to occur. Likewise, the more end stations on a hub trying to access the line, the more collisions occur. * This figure compares hubs in a CSMA/CD environment to a highway with multiple access points. The more entrance points onto the highway, the greater the likelihood for a collision to occur. Likewise, the more end stations on a hub trying to access the line, the more collisions occur. * This figure compares the switch to a highway. * * * * * * * A layer 2 switch operates just like a bridge by default. Switches use VLANs to solve many of the issues of a large