武汉理工大学数字图像处理英文课件 Chapter5（4）.pptVIP

Gradient Operator Finite Difference Approximation Central Difference Formulas First-Derivative Filter Bipolar Images Smoothed Gradient Filters Gradient Magnitude Example (1/2) Example (2/2) Summary * The gradient of a function is defined as There are two components of a gradient image: the x-gradient the y-gradient The simplest approximation to the first derivative is the forward difference: where fk is There is a similar backward difference formula. The following two formulas are central difference formulas The following two formulas are central difference formulas The first central difference formula can be interpreted as the average of the simple forward difference and backward difference formulas. 0 -1 1 Forward difference -1 1 0 Backward difference -1 1 original image x-difference y-difference The sum of weights of a first-derivative filter is zero, because the first derivative of a constant image is zero. Gradient filters can produce either positive or negative pixel values (z values). Images with negative z values are called bipolar images. Ordinary images have z values ranging from 0 to 1 (or 0 to 255 for common byte-oriented systems). Since only ordinary images can be displayed, one may ask how bipolar images should be displayed. The answer is to use pseudo coloring. The scheme used here is to define bipolar images to be normalized such that |z| varies between 0 to to 1. Then the pixel transformation z = 0.5 * z + 0.5 is applied. The zero level is mapped to mid-gray. Negative values are darker, with a maximum limit of black. Positive values are brighter, with a maximum limit of white. The light regions in the gradient images indicate a positive gradient (from darker to lighter in the original image). The dark regions indicate a negative gradient (from lighter to darker). f1 = [1 1]; % smoothing f2 = [-1 1]; % first derivative f3 = convn(convn(f1,f1),convn(f1,f2)) f3 = -1 0 1 -2 0 2 -1 0 1 The gradient