美国波特兰的宜居城市建设经验及启示.docxVIP

美国波特兰的宜居城市建设经验及启示 摘要：本文深入剖析美国“精明增长”先锋城市——波特兰的城市规划建设经验，为我国遏制城市蔓延问题和建设宜居城市提供借鉴。在精明增长理念下，波特兰制定了严格的城市增长边界来控制城市向外蔓延，同时在城市增长边界内提高建筑密度，并采取增加绿色环境和公共空间、大力推行公交和慢行系统、提高服务设施可达性等措施来缓解高密度带来的负面影响，城市规划具有系统性和综合性。这些措施之所以能够实施，得益于波特兰上下结合的规划制度体系。 \t /fangdichan/_blank 法律赋予波特兰都会区政府合法和坚实的执行权力，借助州、区域、地方自上而下的规划体系，同时获益于城市自下而上的公共参与和监督的传统。此外，波特兰还十分注重在规划中引入地理信息系统等先进技术。最后，本文探讨了波特兰的城市规划经验对中国宜居城市建设的借鉴和启示。 Abstract: This paper describes planning/development experiences for achievinga livable city from the Portland Metropolitan Region, the so-called capital cityof “Smart Growth” in the U.S., with a goal to provide policy recommendationsfor Chinese cities. Since the late 1970s the Portland region has established strictUrban Growth Boundaries (UGBs) to curb urban sprawl while making great effortsto increase development densities inside the UGBs; in the meantime, it has alsoadopted a series of measures to mitigate the negative externalities of high densitiesby increasing green space and public space, promoting transit and non-motorizedtransportation system, as well as improving services accessibility. The effectivenessand success of these systematic and comprehensive planning measures have beenensured with Oregon’s centralized planning system, Portland Metro government’sregional planning authority, a very strong tradition of public participation in thestate, as well as the use of sophisticated planning support systems and evidencebaseddecision-making processes. The paper concludes with suggestions on howChinese cities can learn from Portland to build more livable cities. 关键词： 宜居城市；精明增长；城市增长边界；波特兰；经验启示 Keywords: Livable City; Smart Growth; Urban Growth Boundaries; Portland;Experience and Implications 国家自然科学基金重点项目“我国快速城市化地区人居环境演变规律与调控机制研究”，国家自然科学基金青年项目“社会公平视角下北京城市服务设施的空间优化与模拟研究”，北京市自然科学基金青年项目“北京城市空间形态演变对居民通勤行为的影响研究”（9164027） 纽约、伦敦等城市提出的2030 未来规划中，都将宜居作为城市发展的核心理念和重要目标[1]，我国的中央城市工作会议、国民 \t /fangdichan/_blank 经济第十三个五年规划等国家战略也将宜居城市建设提升到前所未有的高度。可以看出，宜居城市是新时代所有城市共同的追求。其中，合理控制城市用地规模扩张，使人口集